Which is the most severe type of thalassemia?

Beta thalassemia major is recognized as the most severe form of thalassemia. This condition results from a significant reduction or absence of beta globin chains in hemoglobin, leading to ineffective erythropoiesis and severe anemia. Patients with beta thalassemia major often present in early childhood with symptoms such as pallor, weakness, and growth retardation, and they typically require regular blood transfusions for survival.

In contrast, beta thalassemia minor, or the trait, typically shows minimal clinical symptoms and is often undiagnosed until routine screening. Likewise, alpha thalassemia minor usually causes mild anemia and often goes unnoticed. Alpha thalassemia major, while also severe, is less common and typically presents with a form of hydrops fetalis, leading to stillbirth or death shortly after birth. Therefore, among the various types, beta thalassemia major stands out due to its life-threatening nature and requirement for ongoing management.